【記者 JAZ 台中 報導】
壹、天公生的緣由：
民間除了平日的早晚燒香、頂禮膜拜之外，舉凡結婚、做大壽時都要拜天公，農曆正月初九是天上最高神明玉皇大帝的聖誕，俗稱「天日」；臺灣閩南稱之為「天公生」，意思就是天公的生日。
玉皇大帝起源於上古對天帝的祟拜，和民間敬天畏地的思想有著密切關係，古人對不可理解的日、月、星辰、風、雨、雷、電、及山川都視之為神明，並進一步想像諸多自然神之上，總該有一位最高神以支配萬物；到了殷商時天帝便應運而生了，也是古代宗教由多神崇拜向主神祟拜過渡階段的產物，當時稱「帝」或「上帝」，具有極大的權威，殷人認為上帝能管理日、月、風、雨等一切自然現象，並用以影響人間的禍福；也能定人的生死、謀事的成敗、吉凶等。
玉皇大帝為民間所崇敬最高之神，也是統轄一切天神、地祇及人鬼的宇宙主宰，我國自古歷朝都有「祭天」的儀式，但只有帝王才有有資格祭祀，於每年冬至這天舉行祭拜玉皇大帝的大典—郊祀，冬至乃一陽來復之日，南為陽之正位，故祭天恒在南郊，直到封建時代結束，民間才始祭祀玉帝，遂漸成了民間崇拜的最高神，舊時民宅在正廳的大樑上，必懸有一「天公爐」，可見民間對玉帝的尊敬是何等的深入。
玉皇大帝亦即上古時的昊天上帝，簡稱為「上帝」或「玉帝」，又稱為「天公祖」、「玉天大帝」、「皇天上帝」、「昊天金闕玉皇大帝」等，道經則多稱為「玉皇大天尊」及「玄穹高上帝」，全銜為「太上開天執符禦歷含真體道昊天玉皇上帝」。統禦諸天，綜領萬聖，主宰宇宙，開化萬天。行天之道，布天之德，造化萬物，濟度群生。權衡三界，總禦萬靈，而無量度人。為天界至尊之神，萬天帝王也。」簡而言之認為玉帝總管三界﹙天界、地界、水界﹚、十方﹙東、南、西、北、東南、東北、西南、西北、上、下﹚、四生﹙胎生、卵生、濕生、化生﹚、六道﹙天、人、魔、地獄、畜生、餓鬼﹚的一切運命與禍福。
據說正月初九這個日子也是有來歷的，正月為一年之初、四季之首，木氣之始，一切生命因而萌發；而「九」是個神秘而又神聖的數字，在古代「九」常是表大數、多數的虛數，也作為極數和最大數。玉帝生於正月初九日者，陽數始於一，而極於九，原始要終也。」因此，道教便把農曆正月初九這個極尊的日子定為玉帝的誕辰。
貳、祭拜天公的時間：
一般祭拜天公的時間在農曆正月初九凌晨子時一到（十一點至一點）今年國曆109年2月1日晚上23點便可開始，直到翌日清晨七點以前，俗傳因為天公的神格非常尊貴，因此越早敬供越有誠意。
參、祭拜方式：
一、正式：供桌又分「頂桌」和「下桌」，一般居民在家正式祭祀天公時，一律要在正廳「天公爐」下或戶外沒有遮蔽的地方擺設祭壇，桌旁兩側各用紅線拴上一枝甘蔗，祈求錢財能夠節節高升；供桌又分「頂桌」和「下桌」，「頂桌」是給玉皇大帝的，相傳玉帝茹齋禁葷，因此全為素食，墊金紙把八仙桌墊高，再系在兩條長凳上，並在桌前繫上吉祥圖案的桌圍，上面供奉三個燈座﹙三官大帝：天官、地官、水官﹚，神位用紅綢墨書而成，前面為香爐，兩邊為燭台，爐前放紮著紅紙的麵線塔﹙紮紅紙麵線三束也可﹚，排列五果﹙柑、橘、鳳梨、蘋果、李子、香蕉等任取五樣﹚、六齋﹙金針、桂圓、菜心、香菇、綠豆、海帶、木耳、菀豆等任取六樣﹚，前設清茶三杯。
在頂桌底面另置一桌，謂之「下桌」為供奉玉皇大帝從神所設，除五牲﹙雞、鴨、魚、豬肉或豬肚、豬肝﹚外，還有糕仔、米棗、生仁、紅龜稞等。﹙見照片1.2﹚
二、簡單式：供桌沒有「頂桌」和「下桌」，只有單一平面，在家門口外沒有遮蔽的的地方設供桌，就像平常拜門口一樣，只有平常的供桌，但為求尊崇之意，會在供桌的四隻腳底下墊上壽金，供品一定要素的，絕對不可以拜葷食！一般是5種水果。
肆、準備金紙：
天金、大壽金、壽金、刈金、土地公金(合稱「五色金」)、甲馬、白錢、金錢(或稱「黃錢」)
伍、祭拜天公程序
拜天公時也可放些吉祥的音樂，以增添些熱鬧，全家人穿戴整齊，上供品後點燭﹙燈﹚、獻茶﹙酒﹚，焚香迎神﹙一柱或三柱香﹚，囗訣「天公祖，今日是正月初九，是天公祖生，信男﹙女﹚***、住址***，誠心誠意準備五果六齋、五牲、糕仔、紅龜稞與金銀財寶、香燭來敬奉天公祖，求天公祖在新的一年保佑信男（信女）******」，並依長幼順序挨個上香，行三跪九叩禮，現代一般信眾則往往只有上香祝禱而已，祭拜完畢則焚燒燈座和天公金等，燃放鞭炮之後再撤去供桌，儀式便結束。
陸、祭祀天公的禁忌
天公因為神格至尊，唯恐有所瀆辱，祭禮中有些禁忌必須遵守：
一、首先祭祀前一律都要齋戒沐浴。
二、有「頂桌」和「下桌」的正式祭祀，「頂桌」一定是素食或水果，「下桌」牲禮中的所獻的全雞必需是閹過的公雞，鳳頭雞、白毛雞、母雞均不能用，以示對天公的尊敬；
三、簡單式祭祀供品一定是素食或水果，不可以葷食。
四、燒給天公的金箔也與其他神明不同，需用特製的大型「天公金」﹙大壽金紙﹚，比一般金紙大一倍以上。
五、祭祀當日禁止屠宰。
六、不能曝曬女性的內衣褲及傾倒便桶，以免不敬。
七、也禁忌男人揹水、做飯，據說如此可能罹患疾病。
八、更不可口出髒話穢語，以免褻瀆了尊貴的天公而受到處罰。
（本文作者為 社團法人台中市名門命理教育協會 創會理事長 楊登嵙 教授）
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